Introduction: Bilingual individuals are compelled to control the interference of two languages toper event the unintended use of the non-target language. It has been shown that in the subcortical level, basal ganglion and the thalamus are involved in controlling the two languages in bilinguals. As the AUDITORY MIDDLE LATENCY RESPONSES (AMLRs) investigate the thalamocortical routes, this study aimed to compare the AMLRs in early Azeri- Persian bilinguals with Persian monolinguals. This cross sectional descriptive analytic and non-intervention study Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study AMLRs were conducted on 37 early Azari-Persian bilinguals with mean age of 21.77 and 37 Persian monolingual controls with mean age of 22.02in two genders. The AMLR test was recorded in two groups, with click stimulus. amplitudes and latencies of the waves compared in two groups. also, the correlation of the azari language’s application examined with AMLR scomponents in the azari_persian bilinguals.Results: The average of the Na-Pa amplitude in the Azeri- Persian bilinguals were statistically larger than the Persian monolinguals just in the right ear (P=0.04). but this significant different in the Pa-Nb observed in the right (P=0.01) and left (P=0.03) ear. There was correlation between usage of Azeri language and Na-Pa (p=0.01) (r=0.427) and Pa-Nb (p=0.04) (r=0.348) in the bilinguals.Conclusion: It appears that AUDITORY MIDDLE LATENCY RESPONSES in the adults have high stability.in the study the bilinguals that have high level of proficiency in two languages and use the two languages currently, have larger amplitude in comparison to monolinguals.so, the bilingualism should be consider in the explanation of the AMLRs results.

Background and Aim: Gap Prepulse Inhibition (GPI) is a type of Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) in which a gap is used as a prepulse. This study was conducted to investigate the silence gap effect on AUDITORY MIDDLE LATENCY Response (AMLR) inhibition in normal subjects. Methods: In this study, 25 participants with normal hearing and no history of tinnitus were included. AMLR was recorded in response to stimuli with gap and without gap in two background noises of 2 and 8 kHz at two electrode locations Fz and Cz and then, gap prepulse inhibition for Na-Pa, Pa-Nb, Nb-Pb and Pb-Nc amplitude with Use of RESPONSES to stimuli with and without gap was calculated. Results: The results showed that the mean amplitudes of all four AMLR indices decreased in response to the stimuli with gap and this decrease was more and statistically significant in 8 kHz background noise (p≤0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that in future studies, PPI of Na-Pa and Pb-Nc amplitudes can be used as main indicators and PPI of Pa-Nb and Nb-Pb amplitudes as alternative indicators in the PPI paradigm in tinnitus diagnosis.

Background and Aim: AUDITORY and visual stimuli are the most important factors in communication. It seems during the brain maturation, decrease of visual inputs causes enhancement of somatosensory and AUDITORY cortical RESPONSES. In this research LATENCY and amplitude of AUDITORY MIDDLE LATENCY RESPONSES (AMLR) are studied in blinds and normally sighted subjects.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 40 congenitally blinds and 40 normally sighted subjects in the range of 14-20 years. All of cases had normal hearing sensitivity and acoustic reflexes without any MIDDLE ear disorders. The reason of this age range is the maturation of AUDITORY MIDDLE LATENCY RESPONSES. Sampling was randomized.Results: There was significant difference between amplitude of Na, Pa & Nb waves and LATENCY of Na while no significant difference between LATENCY of Pa & Nb in blinds and normally sighted subjects.Conclusion: Increase of amplitude decrease of LATENCY of AMLR in blind subjects was due to sensory compensation phenomenon, probably. It seems rate of processing and AUDITORY perception in blinds is better than normally sighted subjects.

Since years bygone, the brain had been the focus of considerable debate and controversy and the fears of declaring death had always been a dilemma. For a long time, this presumption prevailed that the only subtle sign of death was putrefaction and rigor mortis (2). In the presence of cardiac activity, the permanent loss of cerebral function, manifested clinically by the absence of purposeful responsiveness to external stimuli, cephalic reflexes, apnea, and an isoelectic electroencephalogram for at least 30 minutes in the absence of hypothermia and poisoning by central nervous system depressants indicate cerebral death. The ABR test can be an indicator of preserved brainstem function in difficult clinical situations and has been utilized in brain-dead patients (3,4). Absence of ABR waves II through V despite a normal wave I indicates a significant lack of function in brain stem AUDITORY tracts. This clinical trial was conducted on 62 male (30-75 years)who were in comatosed state. The ABR were clear and reproducible in comatosed patients in whom brain death was not documented, whereas these RESPONSES were not recordable in brain dead-patients.The latter finding was confirmed using preclinical monitors such as EEG, Cerebral angiography and CT Scan.

Background and Aim: MIDDLE LATENCY AUDITORY evoked potentials (MLAEPs) development takes longer time than the AUDITORY brainstem response (ABR) development does, which makes them difficult to record in some children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the age effect on characteristics and detection of MLAEPs in children and adults.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 15 children aged 7-12 yr and 31 adults aged 20-50 yr with normal peripheral hearing. To investigate precisely, children were divided in two subgroups of older and younger than 10 years old, as well. The MLAEPs amplitudes and latencies were recorded by conventional protocol and compared.Results: Adult Na mean LATENCY, 20.86 ms, was less than that of children, 22.86 ms, (p=0.0025). In contrast, the adult Nb mean LATENCY, 44.93 ms, was longer (p=0.0001). Children Nb mean LATENCY was 42.02 ms. there was no significant difference in MLAEP amplitudes and latencies between two children subgroups, although variance was more in younger children.Conclusion: MLAEPs are reliably recorded after 7 years old. Characteristics of MLAEPs are different in adults and children so that the primary MLAEPs generators have a course of development extending beyond the first decade of life. As those potentials were recorded in all children, it is suggested to be used in their test batteries for hearing evaluation.

Background and Aim: Subjective tinnitus is a phantom AUDITORY perception caused by different factors and affects the patient’, s quality of life. The tinnitus pathophysiology is not fully unders-tood,therefore, there is no effective treatment for tinnitus. Along with other methods, AUDITORY evo-ked potentials (AEPs) may be helpful in unders-tanding this condition and the involved struc-tures. This study aimed to review the applications of AEPs in tinnitus studies. Recent Findings: The studies investigating tinnitus were categorized into three groups of tinnitus pathophysiology, pre-or post-treatment/ intervention evaluation of tinnitus, and objective diagnosis of tinnitus. Contradictory and unrep-eatable findings were observed in each group. Conclusion: Discrepancies in the results of AEPs studies can be due to between-group and within-group differences, lack of proper match-ing in terms of tinnitus etiology and hearing loss, and difference in neurophysiologic models of tinnitus.

Background and Aim: Learning disability (LD) is one of the most prevalent problems among elementary school children. Approximately 10 percent of all elementary school children suffer from this problem. It has been determined that learning disability is predominantly accompanied with subtle impairment in central AUDITORY nervous system. The main idea of this study was to evaluate MIDDLE LATENCY AUDITORY evoked potential (MLAEPs) in learning disabled children. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional study investigated MIDDLE LATENCY AUDITORY evoked potential in children with learning disability (n = 31) compared to normal children (n = 31). Latencies and amplitudes of MLAEPs results with different stimulus intensity and binaural stimulation were compared between two groups. Results: Compared to control group, learning disabled children exhibited smaller amplitudes for all the components except the right ear Na and Pa. There is no significant difference between two groups for latencies of the components. Conclusion: It seems that MIDDLE LATENCY AUDITORY evoked potential may be useful in diagnosis and evaluation of learning disabled children although more investigation is required.